Sebastian Perrier

The Income Statement is not a measure of cash because it is calculated on an accural basis rather than a cash basis. In the accural system, income is recorded when it is earned and expenses when incurred, whether or not the money it has actually been received or paid. In contrast, in the cash-basis system, income and expenses are recorded when cash is received or paid.

Numbers reported through each of these systems will defer because, for example, in the Income Statement:

• sales include both cash sales and credit sales;
• expenses include purchases not yet paid as suppliers offered them in credit;
• depreciation is not a cash movement;
• frequently not all income tax is paid within the reported period;
• among other differences.

The Cash Flow Statement measures the firm’s cash inflows and outflows. The cash flow statement comes from data in the Income Statement and in the Balance Sheets from the beginning and end of the accounting period.

Cash Flow from Operations

• Start with the operating income from the Income Statement
• Add back depreciation expense as it is not a cash movement
• Subtract income tax (we’ll dealt with it later)
• Adjust Working Capital (receivables / payables / inventories) from the Balance Sheet differences in year 1 and year 2 (depending whether they are source or use of cash)

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

When fixed assets are purchased or sold, cash flows that occur are not shown in the Income Statement. Based on the gross change between the fixed assets between the BS in year 1 and 2, we can determine the if the company got cash or used cash for fix asset investing activities.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

These activities include inflows and outflows coming from i) paying dividends and interests ii) increasing or decreasing of short-term and long-term debts and iii) issuing and repurchasing of shares. These calculations are also done by subtracting BS items of Y1 to BS in Y2.

The 3 basic financial statements are:

1. Income Statement (or Profit and Loss Account)
2. Balance Sheet
3. Cash-flow Statement

The Income Statement shows the revenues, expenses and profits during a determined period of time. The expenses shown in the Income Statements are those used up in generating the revenue. The revenue, is the revenue earned during that period, independent of whether the money from this revenue was received or not.  Transactions in the Income Statement are recognized when they occur, not when money is received or paid (accural system).  The objective of the Income Statement is to MATCH the revenue with the expenses required to generate it; but it does not deal with whether the money has been paid/received or not.

The Balance Sheet is a snapshot of the financial position of a company at a certain date. The assets are tangible, intangible or financial items owned by the company and that will provide it with future benefits. A fixed assets are th0se which have a useful life of more than one year. Depreciation is a measure (allocation) of the cost of a fix asset used to generate revenue during an accounting period (it has nothing to do with the value of the asset). Liabilities are obligations that the company has with outsiders. Equity is an obligation that the company has with its owners.

The Income Statement and the Balance Sheet are based on the accural system, thus, they do not explain what is happening with the cash. Therefore, it is very important to have an understanding of the Cash Flow Statement, which is mainly a rearrangement of the numbers in the BS and P&L in order to explain what is happening with the cash. And the CASH IS KING, because a company which might be showing profit in the Income Statement may actually be loosing money or going bankrupt (e.g. it has paid to all its providers but the customers have not yet paid to the company and therefore, the company has no money in the bank to pay its employees, etc).

The Manufacturing Account is produced only for internal purposes (its mainly a Management Accounting tool, not a Financial Accounting tool as these 3 which are also for external stakeholders); and it is done mainly because for a manufacturer it is in general quite difficult to calculate exactly how much is the cost of a finished good. Trading companies, which just buy cheap and sell more expensive, do not need to use a manufacturing account.

In the following spreadsheet you can see a summary of the main items included in these statements:

• Financial Statement – Template – Spreadsheet